Methods and assays for treating hantavirus infections

ABSTRACT

Methods and assays are disclosed for treating a subject with a hantavirus infection using an agent that binds to protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) or inhibits expression of protocadherin-1 (PCDH1).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a U.S. national stage entry under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017410, filed Feb. 25, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/944,287, filed Feb. 25, 2014, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference into the subject application.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under grant number AI101436 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Throughout this application various publications are referred to in parentheses. Full citations for these references may be found at the end of the specification. The disclosures of these publications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety into the subject application to more fully describe the art to which the subject invention pertains.

Hantaviruses are members of the family Bunyaviridae of enveloped viruses with segmented negative-sense RNA genomes. While hantaviruses maintain persistent infections in their rodent, shrew, or bat hosts without apparent disease symptoms, the spillover of these viruses into humans can lead to one of two serious illnesses—hantavirus pulmonary syndome (HPS) (in the New World) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) (in Asia and Europe). Nephropathia epidemica (NE) is a milder form of HFRS endemic to Scandinavia and northern Europe. Intrusion of humans and their domestic animals into sylvatic environments, and other anthropogenic disturbances to natural systems, such as climate change, likely account for the increased frequency of zoonotic hantavirus outbreaks. Mortality from HPS and HFRS have reached 60% and 12%, respectively, in some outbreaks. Treatment is currently limited to supportive care—there are no approved vaccines or therapeutics to treat HPS/HFRS. Sin Nombre virus (SNV) and Andes virus (ANDV) are responsible for the majority of morbidity and mortality in the New World due to HPS. Hantaan virus (HTNV), Seoul virus (SEOV), Puumula virus (PUUV), and Dobrava virus (DOBV) account for most of the HFRS cases in the Old World.

The present invention addresses the need for methods and assays for treating subjects infected with hantaviruses or who are at risk for infection with hantaviruses.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods for treating a subject infected with a hantavirus or for preventing an infection with a hantavirus in a subject at risk for infection with a hantavirus, where the methods comprise administering to the subject an agent that binds to protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) or inhibits expression of protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) in an amount effective to treat and/or prevent infection with a hantavirus.

The present invention also provides methods for screening for an agent that treats and/or prevents infection of a subject with a hantavirus, where the methods comprise determining whether or not the agent binds to protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) or inhibits expression of protocadherin-1 (PCDH1), wherein an agent that binds to protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) or inhibits expression of protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) is a candidate for treating and/or preventing an infection with a hantavirus.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A-1B. Domain structure of protocadherin-1 (PCDH1). Arrow indicates approximate position at which PCDH1 is C-terminally truncated in the HAP1-PCDH1 mutant clones described in panel B. B. (Top) Two independent HAP1 cell clones with frameshift mutations in PCDH1 were generated by genome engineering. Both clones are predicted to express a truncated ˜285-amino acid polypeptide. HAP1-WT-SEQ ID NO:1, PCDH1-#1 -SEQ ID NO:2, PCDH1-#2 -SEQ ID NO:3. (Bottom) WT and mutant HAP1 clones, and mutant cells ectopically expressing human PCDH1 (+cDNA) were challenged with rVSVs bearing hantavirus and VSV glycoproteins. Infection was monitored by fluorescent microscopy of cells to detect virus-encoded eGFP.

FIG. 2A-2B. A. (Top) Two independent U2OS cell clones with frameshift mutations in PCDH1 were generated by genome engineering. Both clones are predicted to express a truncated ˜285-amino acid polypeptide. U2OS-WT-SEQ ID NO:1, PCDH1-#1 allele 1 -SEQ ID NO:2, PCDH1-#1 allele 2 -SEQ ID NO:2. (Bottom) WT and mutant U2OS clones, and mutant cells ectopically expressing human PCDH1 (+cDNA) were challenged with rVSVs bearing Andes (ANDV), Hantaan (HTNV), and VSV glycoproteins. Infection was monitored by fluorescent microscopy of cells to detect virus-encoded eGFP. B. Quantitation of infected cells from panel A. Infection was normalized to that observed in WT U2OS cells for each virus (100%).

FIG. 3A-3C. A. The first extracellular cadherin domain of PCDH1 (EC1) is required for cell entry and infection by ANDV and SNV. Wild-type human PCDH1, or mutant PCDH1 proteins lacking the first (ΔEC1) or second (ΔEC2) extracellular cadherin domains or the cytoplasmic domain (ΔCTD), were ectopically expressed in a mutant U2OS cell line lacking PCDH1. These cell lines were challenged with rVSVs bearing Andes virus (ANDV), Sin Nombre virus (SNV), Hantaan virus (HTNV), or VSV glycoproteins. Infection was monitored by fluorescent microscopy of cells to detect virus-encoded eGFP (bright cells). B. (Left) Quantitation of infected cells from panel A. (Right) Quantitation of infection of these cell lines by the authentic hantaviruses under BSL-4 containment. Infection was normalized to that observed in WT U2OS cells for each virus (100%). C. Cells expressing each PCDH1 construct were immunostained to reveal similar levels of PCDH1 expression and cell-surface localization. Cell nuclei are stained with a DNA stain, Hoechst 33342.

FIG. 4. Expression and purification of a soluble protein comprising the first and seond extracellular cadherin domains of human PCDH1 (sPCDH1-EC1/EC2). (Left) sPCDH1-EC1/EC2 bearing a C-terminal decahistidine tag was expressed in 293T human embryonic kidney cells and purifed from the supernatant by nickel-chelation chromatography. Proteins in the purification fractions were resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by staining with Krypton Red infra-red staining. M—protein maker, FT—flowthrough.

FIG. 5. sPCDH1-EC1/EC2 blocks cell entry and infection mediated by ANDV but not HTNV. Authentic hantaviruses, ANDV or HTNV, were pre-incubated with purified sPCDH1-EC1/EC2 for 1 h at 37° C., and the reaction mixtures were transferred to U2OS cells. Infection was monitored by immunostaining of the cells to detect viral antigen, and normalized to that obtained in the absence of sPCDH1-EC1/EC2 protein for each virus (100%).

FIG. 6. ANDV GP can bind to sPCDH1-EC1/EC2 in vitro, but SNV GP and VSV G cannot. Magnetic beads coated with rVSVs bearing the indicated viral glycoproteins were incubated with increasing concentrations of sPCDH1-EC1/EC2, and binding of this protein was detected with an anti-flag antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method for treating a subject infected with a hantavirus or for preventing an infection with a hantavirus in a subject at risk for infection with a hantavirus comprising administering to the subject an agent that binds to protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) or inhibits expression of protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) in an amount effective to treat and/or prevent infection with a hantavirus.

Hantaviruses are members of the family Bunyaviridae of enveloped viruses. Hantavirus infection can occur due to, for example, one or more of Sin Nombre virus (SNV), Andes virus (ANDV), Hantaan virus (HTNV), Seoul virus (SEOV), Puumula virus (PUUV) and Dobrava virus (DOBV). New World hantaviruses include, e.g., Andes Virus, Sin Nombre Virus, New York Virus and Black Creek Canal Virus . Old World hantaviruses include, e.g., Hantaan Virus, Seoul Virus, Puumala Virus and Dobrava-Belgrade virus. Agents that bind to protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) or inhibit expression of protocadherin-1(PCDH1) are preferentially effective against infection by New World hantaviruses.

Hantavirus infection can result in, for example, one or more of hantavirus pulmonary syndome (HPS), hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and nephropathia epidemica (NE).

To treat a subject with a hantavirus infection means to reduce or stop the spread of hantavirus in the subject, or to eliminate the hantavirus from the subject, or to reduce or eliminate a sign or symptom of hantavirus infection in the subject. Preferably, the agent prevents entry of hantavirus into cells of a subject.

Subjects who are at risk for infection with hantavirus include subjects who have been exposed to hantavirus or are at risk of exposure to hantavirus. In addition to the natural occurrence of hantaviruses, there is the potential for exposure to these pathogens if they are used as agents of bioterrorism or biological warfare. Subjects at risk for exposure to hantavirus include first responders, medical and military personnel, biosafety level ¾ personnel and animal workers.

The agent can be, for example, an antibody, antibody fragment, aptamer or small molecule that specifically binds to protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) and reduces its activity or interferes with its normal function. Antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, F(ab′)₂ and Fab′ fragments and single chain antibodies. F(ab′)₂ is an antigen binding fragment of an antibody molecule with deleted crystallizable fragment (Fc) region and preserved binding region. Fab′ is ½ of the F(ab′)₂ molecule possessing only ½ of the binding region. The term antibody is further meant to encompass polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies. The antibody can be a human antibody or a non-human antibody such as a goat antibody or a mouse antibody. Antibodies can be “humanized” using standard recombinant DNA techniques. Aptamers are single stranded oligonucleotides or oligonucleotide analogs that bind to a particular target molecule, such as a protein. Thus, aptamers are the oligonucleotide analogy to antibodies. However, aptamers are smaller than antibodies. Their binding is highly dependent on the secondary structure formed by the aptamer oligonucleotide. Both RNA and single stranded DNA (or analog) aptamers can be used. Aptamers that bind to virtually any particular target can be selected using an iterative process called SELEX, which stands for Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment.

The agent can also be a small chemical molecule that binds to protocadherin-1(PCDH1). Preferably, the small moelecule has a molecular weight of 2,000 daltons or less, more preferably 1,500 daltons or less, or 1,000 daltons or less, or 500 daltons or less.

The agent can also be an antisense molecule, a ribozyme, or a RNA interference (RNAi) molecule, such as a small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecule, that specifically inhibits expression of protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) protein. The agent can be comprised of nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) or nucleic acid mimetics (e.g., phosphorothionate mimetics) such as those known in the art.

Preferably, the agent binds to the first extra-cellular domain (EC1) of PCDH1 or prevents expression of the first extra-cellular domain (EC1) of PCDH1, or the agent binds to both the first and second extra-cellular domain of PCDH1 or prevents expression of both the first and second extra-cellular domain of PCDH1.

It is envisioned that administration of the agent to the subject would normally be limited to periods when the subject either has a hantavirus infection or when the subject has been exposed to hantavirus or is at risk of exposure to hantavirus.

The agent can be administered to the subject in a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Examples of acceptable pharmaceutical carriers include, but are not limited to, additive solution-3 (AS-3), saline, phosphate buffered saline, Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Locke-Ringer's solution, Krebs Ringer's solution, Hartmann's balanced saline solution, and heparinized sodium citrate acid dextrose solution. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier used can depend on the route of administration. The pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for administration by any method known in the art, including but not limited to, oral administration, parenteral administration, intravenous administration, transdermal administration, intranasal administration, and administration through an osmotic mini-pump. The compounds can be applied to the skin, for example, in compositions formulated as skin creams, or as sustained release formulations or patches.

The present invention also provides a method for screening for an agent that treats and/or prevents infection of a subject with a hantavirus, the method comprising determining whether or not the agent binds to protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) or inhibits expression of protocadherin-1 (PCDH1), wherein an agent that binds to protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) or inhibits expression of protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) is a candidate for treating and/or preventing an infection with a hantavirus. The assay can be carried out, e.g., using a cell line that expresses PCDH1, and determining whether the agent binds to PCDH1 or inhibits expression of PCDH1. The method can be carried out, for example, using a enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The method can be carried out, for example, using a electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay. Preferably, the agent binds to the first extra-cellular domain (EC1) of PCDH1 or prevents expression of the first extra-cellular domain (EC1) of PCDH1, or the agent binds to both the first and second extra-cellular domain of PCDH1 or prevents expression of both the first and second extra-cellular domain of PCDH1.

The invention also provides an agent for treating and/or preventing infection of a subject with a hantavirus identified by any of the methods disclosed herein for screening for an agent that treats and/or prevents infection of a subject with a hantavirus. The invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing infection of a subject with a hantavirus comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an agent identified by any of the methods disclosed herein for screening for an agent that treats and/or prevents infection of a subject with a hantavirus.

Human protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) has the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) MDSGAGGRRC PEAALLILGP PRMEHLRHSP GPGGQRLLLP SMLLALLLLL APSPGHATRV VYKVPEEQPP NTLIGSLAAD YGFPDVGHLY KLEVGAPYLR VDGKTGDIFT TETSIDREGL RECQNQLPGD PCILEFEVSI TDLVQNGSPR LLEGQIEVQD INDNTPNFAS PVITLAIPEN TNIGSLFPIP LASDRDAGPN GVASYELQAG PEAQELFGLQ VAEDQEEKQP QLIVMGNLDR ERWDSYDLTI KVQDGGSPPR ASSALLRVTV LDTNDNAPKF ERPSYEAELS ENSPIGHSVI QVKANDSDQG ANAEIEYTFH QAPEVVRRLL RLDRNTGLIT VQGPVDREDL STLRFSVLAK DRGTNPKSAR AQVVVTVKDM NDNAPTIEIR GIGLVTHQDG MANISEDVAE ETAVALVQVS DRDEGENAAV TCVVAGDVPF QLRQASETGS DSKKKYFLQT TTPLDYEKVK DYTIEIVAVD SGNPPLSSTN SLKVQVVDVN DNAPVFTQSV TEVAFPENNK PGEVIAEITA SDADSGSNAE LVYSLEPEPA AKGLFTISPE TGEIQVKTSL DREQRESYEL KVVAADRGSP SLQGTATVLV NVLDCNDNDP KFMLSGYNFS VMENMPALSP VGMVTVIDGD KGENAQVQLS VEQDNGDFVI QNGTGTILSS LSFDREQQST YTFQLKAVDG GVPPRSAYVG VTINVLDEND NAPYITAPSN TSHKLLTPQT RLGETVSQVA AEDFDSGVNA ELIYSIAGGN PYGLFQIGSH SGAITLEKEI ERRHHGLHRL VVKVSDRGKP PRYGTALVHL YVNETLANRT LLETLLGHSL DTPLDIDIAG DPEYERSKQR GNILFGVVAG VVAVALLIAL AVLVRYCRQR EAKSGYQAGK KETKDLYAPK PSGKASKGNK SKGKKSKSPK PVKPVEDEDE AGLQKSLKFN LMSDAPGDSP RIHLPLNYPP GSPDLGRHYR SNSPLPSIQL QPQSPSASKK HQVVQDLPPA NTFVGTGDTT STGSEQYSDY SYRTNPPKYP SKQVGQPFQL STPQPLPHPY HGAIWTEVWE.

This invention will be better understood from the Experimental Details, which follow. However, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the specific methods and results discussed are merely illustrative of the invention as described more fully in the claims that follow thereafter.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

Genetic Screen in Haploid Human Cells Identified Host Genes Critical for Andes Hantavirus Entry into Host Cells.

To identify host genes critical for entry by the Andes virus (ANDV), a prototypic HPS-causing New World hantavirus, a genetic screen was performed in the HAP1 line, an adherent cell line derived from the KBM7 tumor cell-derived line (Carette et al., 2011). This cell line has a haploid karyotype, allowing the generation of null mutants for most nonessential genes. A library of mutant cells was generated by retroviral gene-trap mutagenesis. This library was challenged with a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the ANDV entry glycoprotein (rVSV-ANDV GP) to select cells refractory to infection. Candidate host genes critical for ANDV GP-dependent infection were identified from this cell population by deep sequencing. The strongest confirmed hits in this screen fell into three major classes or pathways: cholesterol biosynthesis (7 genes), the EMC complex (5 genes), and transcription factors that modulate cholesterol biosynthesis (3 genes). In addition, a singleton gene of interest was obtained, namely PCDH1, which encodes the cell-surface adhesion protein protocadherin-1.

PCDH1 is Required for Virus Entry into Cells.

To test whether PCDH1 is required for Andes virus GP-dependent infection, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering was used to introduce indels into the single copy of PCDH1 present in HAP1 cells. Two clones (#1, #2) were isolated with mutant PCDH1 alleles encoding a truncated ˜285-amino acid polypeptide lacking 5 of 7 cadherin repeats, protocadherin domain, transmembrane domain, and cytoplasmic signaling domain (FIG. 1A-B). WT and mutant HAP1 clones were challenged with rVSVs expressing glycoproteins from ANDV and VSV. ANDV GP-dependent infection was greatly diminished in the mutant cells relative to WT; however, VSV G-dependent infection was not affected. Importantly, infection was restored in mutant cells engineered to ectopically express WT human PCDH1. Therefore, the infection defect in the PCDHV-mutant cells is attributable to the loss of the PCDH1 protein. These findings demonstrate that PCDH1 is specifically required for viral entry by a pathogenic, HPS-causing New World hantavirus, ANDV.

To extend the analysis of PCDH1′s role beyond a single haploid cell line, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering was used to introduce indels into both copies of PCDH1 in the diploid U2OS human osteosarcoma cell line, a workhorse line in various areas of biomedical research. Two clones (#1, #2) were isolated with mutant PCDH1 alleles encoding a truncated ˜285-amino acid polypeptide lacking 5 of 7 cadherin repeats, protocadherin domain, transmembrane domain, and cytoplasmic signaling domain (FIG. 2A). WT and mutant U2OS clones were challenged with rVSVs expressing glycoproteins from ANDV and VSV, as well as the prototypic HFRS-causing Old World hantavirus, Hantaan virus (HTNV). As seen in HAP1 cells, ANDV GP-dependent infection in U2OS cells required PCDH1, whereas VSV G-dependent infection did not. Unexpectedly, HTNV GP—dependent infection was not affected by depletion of PCDH1. These findings afford two conclusions. First, the ANDV requirement for PCDH1 is generalizable to multiple human cell lines. Second, PCDH1 is dispensable for viral entry by a pathogenic, HFRS-causing Old World hantavirus, HTNV, and may thus represent a virus clade-specific host factor.

The PCDH1 protein is required for infection by the New World hantaviruses Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV), but not the Old World Hantaan virus (HTNV) hantavirus. This requirement was mapped to the first extra-cellular domain (EC1) of the PCDH1 as EC1 deletion reduces ANDV as well as SNV infections (FIG. 3A-B) without affecting expression and localization of the protein (FIG. 3C). Consistent with these findings, purified soluble PCDH1 protein containing the first two extracellular domains (sPCDH1-EC1/2, FIG. 4) blocked ANDV infection but not HTNV infection (FIG. 5). Soluble PCDH1 specifically binds to ANDV glycoprotein containing virions (FIG. 6) indicating that PCDH1 may be a receptor for the New World hantaviruses. Because infection by hantaviruses from the New World but not the Old World is associated with pulmonary disease, these results suggest that PCDH1 contributes to lung-specific infection and injury by hantaviruses.

Sequences and their features:

sPCDH1-EC1/EC2 (SEQ ID NO: 5) MDSGAGGRRCPEAALLILGPPRMEHLRHSPGPGGQRLLLPSMLLALLLLLAPSPGHATRVV YKVPEEQPPNTLIGSLAADYGFPDVGHLYKLEVGAPYLRVDGKTGDIFTTETSIDREGLRE CQNQLPGDPCILEFEVSITDLVQNGSPRLLEGQIEVQDINDNTPNFASPVITLAIPENTNI GSLFPIPLASDRDAGPNGVASYELQAGPEAQELFGLQVAEDQEEKQPQLIVMGNLDRERWD SYDLTIKVQDGGSPPRASSALLRVTVLDTNDNAPKFERPSGSG HHHHHHHHHH TRPLEQKL ISEEDLAANDILDYKDDDDKV Features: sPCDH1 signal peptide: [1-57] sPCDH1-EC1/EC2: [58 : 280] GSG Linker: [285 : 287] 10-His: [288 : 297] c-Myc tag: [302 : 311] Flag tag: [318 : 325] PCDH1 Wild-type protein - 1060 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 4) MDSGAGGRRCPEAALLILGPPRMEHLRHSPGPGGQRLLLPSMLLALLLLLAPSPGHATRVV YKVPEEQPPNTLIGSLAADYGFPDVGHLYKLEVGAPYLRVDGKTGDIFTTETSIDREGLRE CQNQLPGDPCILEFEVSITDLVQNGSPRLLEGQIEVQDINDNTPNF ASPVITLAIPENTNI GSLFPIPLASDRDAGPNGVASYELQAGPEAQELFGLQVAEDQEEKQPQLIVMGNLDRERWD SYDLTIKVQDGGSPPRASSALLRVTVLDTNDNAPKFERPSYEAELSENSPIGHSVIQVKAN DSDQGANAEIEYTFHQAPEVVRRLLRLDRNTGLITVQGPVDREDLSTLRFSVLAKDRGTNP KSARAQVVVTVKDMNDNAPTIEIRGIGLVTHQDGMANISEDVAEETAVALVQVSDRDEGEN AAVTCVVAGDVPFQLRQASETGSDSKKKYFLQTTTPLDYEKVKDYTIEIVAVDSGNPPLSS TNSLKVQVVDVNDNAPVFTQSVTEVAFPENNKPGEVIAEITASDADSGSNAELVYSLEPEP AAKGLFTISPETGEIQVKTSLDREQRESYELKVVAADRGSPSLQGTATVLVNVLDCNDNDP KFMLSGYNFSVMENMPALSPVGMVTVIDGDKGENAQVQLSVEQDNGDFVIQNGTGTILSSL SFDREQQSTYTFQLKAVDGGVPPRSAYVGVTINVLDENDNAPYITAPSNTSHKLLTPQTRL GETVSQVAAEDFDSGVNAELIYSIAGGNPYGLFQIGSHSGAITLEKEIERRHHGLHRLVVK VSDRGKPPRYGTALVHLYVNETLANRTLLETLLGHSLDTPLDIDIAGDPEYERSKQRGNIL FGVVAGVVAVALLIALAVLV RYCRQREAKSGYQAGKKETKDLYAPKPSGKASKGNKSKGKK SKSPKPVKPVEDEDEAGLQKSLKFNLMSDAPGDSPRIHLPLNYPPGSPDLGRHYRSNSPLP SIQLQPQSPSASKKHQVVQDLPPANTFVGTGDTTSTGSEQYSDYSYRTNPPKYPSKQVGQP FQLSTPQPLPHPYHGAIWTEVWE Features: sPCDH1 signal peptide: [1-57] EC1: [58 : 168] EC2: [169 : 280] CTD: [875 : 1060] PCDH1 ΔEC1 (SEQ ID NO: 6) MDSGAGGRRCPEAALLILGPPRMEHLRHSPGPGGQRLLLPSMLLALLLLLAPSPGHATRVN FASPVITLAIPENTNIGSLFPIPLASDRDAGPNGVASYELQAGPEAQELFGLQVAEDQEEK QPQLIVMGNLDRERWDSYDLTIKVQDGGSPPRASSALLRVTVLDTNDNAPKFERPSYEAEL SENSPIGHSVIQVKANDSDQGANAEIEYTFHQAPEVVRRLLRLDRNTGLITVQGPVDREDL STLRFSVLAKDRGTNPKSARAQVVVTVKDMNDNAPTIEIRGIGLVTHQDGMANISEDVAEE TAVALVQVSDRDEGENAAVTCVVAGDVPFQLRQASETGSDSKKKYFLQTTTPLDYEKVKDY TIEIVAVDSGNPPLSSTNSLKVQVVDVNDNAPVFTQSVTEVAFPENNKPGEVIAEITASDA DSGSNAELVYSLEPEPAAKGLFTISPETGEIQVKTSLDREQRESYELKVVAADRGSPSLQG TATVLVNVLDCNDNDPKFMLSGYNFSVMENMPALSPVGMVTVIDGDKGENAQVQLSVEQDN GDFVIQNGTGTILSSLSFDREQQSTYTFQLKAVDGGVPPRSAYVGVTINVLDENDNAPYIT APSNTSHKLLTPQTRLGETVSQVAAEDFDSGVNAELIYSIAGGNPYGLFQIGSHSGAITLE KEIERRHHGLHRLVVKVSDRGKPPRYGTALVHLYVNETLANRTLLETLLGHSLDTPLDIDI AGDPEYERSKQRGNILFGVVAGVVAVALLIALAVLV RYCRQREAKSGYQAGKKETKDLYAP KPSGKASKGNKSKGKKSKSPKPVKPVEDEDEAGLQKSLKFNLMSDAPGDSPRIHLPLNYPP GSPDLGRHYRSNSPLPSIQLQRQSPSASKKHQVVQDLPPANTFVGTGDTTSTGSEQYSDYS YRTNPPKYPSKQVGQPFQLSTPQPLPHPYHGAIWTEVWE PCDH1 ΔEC2 (SEQ ID NO: 7) MDSGAGGRRCPEAALLILGPPRMEHLRHSPGPGGQRLLLPSMLLALLLLLAPSPGHATRVV YKVPEEQPPNTLIGSLAADYGFPDVGHLYKLEVGAPYLRVDGKTGDIFTTETSIDREGLRE CQNQLPGDPCILEFEVSITDLVQNGSPRLLEGQIEVQDINDNTPNFYEAELSENSPIGHSV IQVKANDSDQGANAEIEYTFHQAPEVVRRLLRLDRNTGLITVQGPVDREDLSTLRFSVLAK DRGTNPKSARAQVVVTVKDMNDNAPTIEIRGIGLVTHQDGMANISEDVAEETAVALVQVSD RDEGENAAVTCVVAGDVPFQLRQASETGSDSKKKYFLQTTTPLDYEKVKDYTIEIVAVDSG NPPLSSTNSLKVQVVDVNDNAPVFTQSVTEVAFPENNKPGEVIAEITASDADSGSNAELVY SLEPEPAAKGLFTISPETGEIQVKTSLDREQRESYELKVVAADRGSPSLQGTATVLVNVLD CNDNDPKFMLSGYNFSVMENMPALSPVGMVTVIDGDKGENAQVQLSVEQDNGDFVIQNGTG TILSSLSFDREQQSTYTFQLKAVDGGVPPRSAYVGVTINVLDENDNAPYITAPSNTSHKLL TPQTRLGETVSQVAAEDFDSGVNAELIYSIAGGNPYGLFQIGSHSGAITLEKEIERRHHGL HRLVVKVSDRGKPPRYGTALVHLYVNETLANRTLLETLLGHSLDTPLDIDIAGDPEYERSK QRGNILFGVVAGVVAVALLIALAVLV RYCRQREAKSGYQAGKKETKDLYAPKPSGKASKGN KSKGKKSKSPKPVKPVEDEDEAGLQKSLKFNLMSDAPGDSPRIHLPLNYPPGSPDLGRHYR SNSPLPSIQLQPQSPSASKKHQVVQDLPPANTFVGTGDTTSTGSEQYSDYSYRTNPPKYPS KQVGQPFQLSTPQPLPHPYHGAIWTEVWE Features: sPCDH1 signal peptide: [1-57] EC1: [58 : 168] PCDH1 ΔCTD (SEQ ID NO: 8) MDSGAGGRRCPEAALLILGPPRMEHLRHSPGPGGQRLLLPSMLLALLLLLAPSPGHATRVV YKVPEEQPPNTLIGSLAADYGFPDVGHLYKLEVGAPYLRVDGKTGDIFTTETSIDREGLRE CQNQLPGDPCILEFEVSITDLVQNGSPRLLEGQIEVQDINDNTPNF ASPVITLAIPENTNI GSLFPIPLASDRDAGPNGVASYELQAGPEAQELFGLQVAEDQEEKQPQLIVMGNLDRERWD SYDLTIKVQDGGSPPRASSALLRVTVLDTNDNAPKFERPSYEAELSENSPIGHSVIQVKAN DSDQGANAEIEYTFHQAPEVVRRLLRLDRNTGLITVQGPVDREDLSTLRFSVLAKDRGTNP KSARAQVVVTVKDMNDNAPTIEIRGIGLVTHQDGMANISEDVAEETAVALVQVSDRDEGEN AAVTCVVAGDVPFQLRQASETGSDSKKKYFLQTTTPLDYEKVKDYTIEIVAVDSGNPPLSS TNSLKVQVVDVNDNAPVFTQSVTEVAFPENNKPGEVIAEITASDADSGSNAELVYSLEPEP AAKGLFTISPETGEIQVKTSLDREQRESYELKVVAADRGSPSLQGTATVLVNVLDCNDNDP KFMLSGYNFSVMENMPALSPVGMVTVIDGDKGENAQVQLSVEQDNGDFVIQNGTGTILSSL SFDREQQSTYTFQLKAVDGGVPPRSAYVGVTINVLDENDNAPYITAPSNTSHKLLTPQTRL GETVSQVAAEDFDSGVNAELIYSIAGGNPYGLFQIGSHSGAITLEKEIERRHHGLHRLVVK VSDRGKPPRYGTALVHLYVNETLANRTLLETLLGHSLDTPLDIDIAGDPEYERSKQRGNIL FGVVAGVVAVALLIALAVLV Features: sPCDH1 signal peptide: [1-57] EC1: [58 : 168] EC2: [169 : 280] Discussion Protocadherin-1 is Expressed in Lung Tissue and is Genetically Implicated in Pulmonary Disease.

Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV) are respiratory pathogens that replicate in endothelial cells and macrophages in the lung and cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HP S), which is characterized by pulmonary interstitial infiltrates and respiratory compromise, and clinically resembles acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Intriguingly, PCDH1 is genetically associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness, a clinical hallmark of asthma (Koppelman et al., 2009), and with specific asthma subphenotypes (Toncheva et al., 2012; Mortensen et al., 2013). Consistent with its role in determining human susceptibility to airway disease, PCDH1 is expressed in airway epithelial cells and macrophages. These observations support the following: (1) PCDH1 is a lung-specific host factor for hantavirus infection; (2) the hantavirus-PCDH1 interaction may influence the course and severity of HPS; and (3) PCDH1 provides a therapeutic target for anti-hantavirus therapeutics to treat HPS.

REFERENCES

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What is claimed is:
 1. A method of binding protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) in a subject infected with a New World hantavirus or a subject at risk for infection with a New World hantavirus comprising administering to the subject an antibody or antibody fragment that binds to PCDH1.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the New World hantavirus is one or more of Sin Nombre virus (SNV), Andes virus (ANDV), New York Virus and Black Creek Canal Virus.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject infected with the New World hantavirus has one or more of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and nephropathia epidemica (NE).
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject at risk for infection with a New World hantavirus is exposed to a New World hantavirus as the result of bioterrorism or biological warfare.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject at risk for infection with a New World hantavirus is a first responder, medical or military personnel, a biosafety level ¾ personnel or an animal worker.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody or antibody fragment prevents entry of the New World hantavirus into cells of a subject.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody or antibody fragment agent binds to the first extra-cellular domain (EC1) of PCDH1. 